按：

尼泊尔政党林立，各党内部派系斗争激烈。按照政党法规定，主要政党都将在近年举行换届选举全国代表大会。尼泊尔大会党主席德乌帕，因为党章规定党主席连任不得超过两届，不会再次竞争党主席。尼共（联合马列）取消党内职务不得连任两届和70岁年龄上限的规定，为奥利第三次担任党主席铺平道路。尼共（毛主义中心）党内贾纳丹•夏尔马等人公开批评普拉昌达，但还难以挑战其领导地位。

尼泊尔联邦议会众议院共有 275 席。2022年11月尼泊尔举行新宪法实施以来的第二次众议院选举，各党席位分布如下：尼泊尔大会党（Nepali Congress）89席，尼泊尔共产党（联合马列）（CPN-UML） 78席，尼泊尔共产党（毛主义中心）（CPN-Maoist Centre）32席，民族独立党（Rastriya Swatantra Party） 20席，民族民主党（Rastriya Prajatantra Party, RPP）14席，尼泊尔人民社会主义党（People’s Socialist Party, Nepal, PSP-N）12席，尼泊尔共产党（联合社会主义者）（CPN-Unified Socialist）10席，民意党（Janamat Party）6席，尼泊尔民主社会主义党（Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, LSP-N）4席，公民自由党（Nagarik Unmukti Party, NUP）3席， 尼泊尔农工党（ Nepal Majdoor Kisan Party）和民族人民阵线（Rastriya Janamorcha）各1席，另外还有独立议员5 席。这些政党共同构成了尼泊尔现行联邦民主共和体制下的多党碎片化格局，没有任何单一政党能单独过半席位而获得组建政府资格，联合政府成为常态。

三大主要政党大会党、联合马列、毛主义中心组成不同执政联盟，主导尼泊尔实现共和以来的政局。仅第二次众议院选举至今不到三年的时间，三党先后组成了四个执政联盟：毛主义中心-联合马列（2022年12月25日-2023年2月27日）、毛主义中心-大会党（2023年2月28日-2024年3月2日）、毛主义中心-联合马列（2024年3月3日-7月1日）、联合马列-大会党（2024年7月至今）。

毛主义中心主席普拉昌达先后在联合马列和大会党的支持下担任总理至2024年7月14日。联合马列主席奥利在大会党支持下，自2024年7月15日担任总理至今。根据协议，2025年7月将由大会党主席德乌帕接任总理，直至 2027 年 12 月举行第三次众议院选举。

《共和国报》刊文梳理近期主要政党的内部斗争，现将该文编译，期望有助于理解纷繁复杂的尼泊尔政局。

来源：《共和国报》网站，作者：巴尔克里希纳・阿迪卡里

https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/unity-eludes-nepals-major-parties-as-power-struggles-take-center-stage-19-41.html

从执政的尼泊尔共产党（联合马列）（CPN-UML）及其执政伙伴尼泊尔大会党（Nepali Congress），到公民自由党（Nagarik Unmukti Party），众议院（House of Representatives）几乎所有政党内部裂痕都在加深。

一、尼共（联合马列）

在马达夫·库马尔·尼帕尔（Madhav Kumar Nepal）和贾拉·纳特·卡纳尔（Jhala Nath Khanal）等领导人脱离尼共（联合马列），组建尼共（联合社会主义者）（CPN-Unified Socialist）后，尼共（联合马列）党内的紧张局势一度蛰伏。然而，围绕前总统比迪娅·德维·班达里（Bidya Devi Bhandari）重返政坛，新的争议再度爆发，部分党内高层对此强烈反对。

班达里尽管已担任国家元首七年，仍希望重返一线政坛。然而，奥利派系将其回归视为威胁。对奥利心怀不满的党内领导人则打算借班达里回炉来巩固自身政治前程。党内知情人士称，这一诉求加剧了党内摩擦。若一位前总统成为某党党员，恐将削弱联邦民主共和体制。
   周二（7月22日）召开的尼共（联合马列）中央委员会会议不仅提醒班达里遵守宪法规范，也正式建议她不要重返政治舞台。

尼共（联合马列）发表声明指出，班达里应当保持前总统的应有尊严。声明写道：“作为国家元首、国家统一的象征、宪法的维护者与守护者、军队的最高统帅、国家自豪感的化身、共和体制的标志以及全国人民的共同人物和保护者——再去担任某一特定政党的党员、骨干或领导人，既不合时宜，也绝无可能。”

   不久前，班达里公开宣布，她打算以昔日所属政党尼共（联合马列） 党员的身份重返一线政治。随后有报道称她已重新登记党籍，政坛——包括尼共（联合马列）内部——顿时掀起波澜。然而，尼共（联合马列）副主席苏伦德拉·潘迪（Surendra Pandey）等领导人并不赞同禁止班达里参政的决定。这一分歧表明，尼共（联合马列） 的内部冲突或将进一步升级。

二、尼泊尔大会党

众议院第一大党尼泊尔大会党（Nepali Congress）同样深陷持久的内部分裂。该党宛如一个派系联盟，内部活跃着十余个不同集团。

对与尼共（联合马列）联合执政和奥利政府的不满，进一步加剧了尼泊尔大会党内部的不满情绪。周二（7月22日），五位前党职要员拜访党主席谢尔·巴哈杜尔·德乌帕（Sher Bahadur Deuba），当面表达担忧，称政府未能兑现执政联盟当初设定的各项目标。

大会党领导人谢卡尔·柯伊拉腊（Shekhar Koirala）数月来一直公开批评奥利政府。周三，他在社交媒体发文称：“尽管来自尼共（联合马列）的土地改革部长身陷博卡拉土地贿赂案，尼共（联合马列）仍急于推动《土地法案》（Land Bill）快速通过。这两件事不能割裂看待。这绝非尼泊尔大会党向公众承诺的善政。”

这折射出尼泊尔大会党内部动荡之深。谢卡尔·柯伊拉腊屡屡抨击议会委员会通过的《公务员法案》（Civil Service Bill）被擅自篡改，并将矛头直指党主席、议员及部长们。

近期，该党就2022年议会选举期间的“内鬼”行为启动纪律处分，令本已忙于筹备第15次全国代表大会的尼泊尔大会党局势更加恶化。

三、尼共（毛主义中心）

主要反对党尼共（毛主义中心）（CPN (Maoist Centre)）同样长期陷于内斗。近日，领导人贾纳丹·夏尔马（Janardan Sharma）公开向党主席普什帕·卡马尔·达哈尔（Pushpa Kamal Dahal，即普拉昌达）发难。贾纳丹·夏尔马刚质疑领导层，达哈尔便指责他图谋分裂。贾纳丹·夏尔马近来频繁现身党内各论坛。他直言党内民主正在消退，威权倾向日益抬头。

在尼共创始人普什帕拉尔纪念日（Pushpalal Memorial Day）47周年的纪念活动上，贾纳丹·夏尔马直言，几乎所有政党都把权力集中在领导个人手中，日益变成“人治”型组织。他说，“只要对最高领导人讲真话就会惹麻烦。党内没有民主，只有集中；剩下的只有命令、阿谀和独裁，”贾纳丹·夏尔马还指责党的领导层回避内部批评。

四、民族独立党

与此同时，议会第四大党——民族独立党（Rastriya Swatantra Party, RSP）目前处于“无主席”状态，其党主席拉比·拉米恰恩（Rabi Lamichhane）因被警方羁押而无法履职。

  目前由议员多尔·普拉萨德·阿里亚尔（Dol Prasad Aryal）代行党务。然而，部分党内高层对接受阿里亚尔的领导感到不安。一名中央委员坦言：“主席被羁押，就算有分歧，也已无路可退。”

据称，因内部不满情绪，苏玛娜·什雷斯塔（Sumana Shrestha）已于数月前辞去党内领导职务。

五、民族民主党

常被指代表保守势力的民族民主党（Rastriya Prajatantra Party, RPP）也正陷入愈演愈烈的内部纷争。

对君主制的立场与共和体制观点的分歧早已将该党撕裂。当主席拉金德拉·林登（Rajendra Lingden）以“反党活动”为由开始罢免党内领导人时，达玛尔·苏姆谢尔·拉纳（Dhamal Shumsher Rana）等人随即发起抗议。

在将纪律委员会协调员纳瓦拉杰·苏贝迪（Nawaraj Subedi）撤换为罗尚·卡尔基（Roshan Karki）后，党内紧张进一步升级。7月9日，林登正式将已公开宣布退党的纳瓦拉杰·苏贝迪与发言人萨贡·拉瓦蒂（Sagun Lawati）除名。

反对林登的人士称其行为违反党章，已向选举委员会提出申诉，要求恢复二人的职务。

        7月17日，副主席比克拉姆·潘迪（Bikram Pandey）、副主席穆昆达·沙姆·吉里（Mukunda Shyam Giri），两位总书记达瓦尔·沙姆谢尔·拉纳（Dhawal Shamsher Rana）和昆蒂·沙阿（Rana and Kunti Shah）等资深领导人发表联合声明，指责林登日益走向独裁。

更早之前，围绕人事任命——例如挑选省议会议长、以及任命总书记达瓦尔·沙姆谢尔·拉纳为党组织部长——就已引发争议。

民族民主党内部另一项争议是，该党于2022年9月28日与拉宾德拉·米什拉（Rabindra Mishra）领导的更广泛的右翼阵营合并，但迄今仍未在选举委员会（Election Commission）完成正式登记。

六、公民自由党

与此同时，因内斗频上头条的公民自由党（Nagarik Unmukti Party , NUP）也再度陷入新的紧张局势。

该党的议会党团要求召开中央委员会会议，但党主席兰吉塔·什雷斯塔（Ranjita Shrestha）宣布此举违反党章。

由党的领导人甘加·拉姆·乔达里（Ganga Ram Chaudhary）、首席党鞭拉尔比尔·乔达里（Lalbir Chaudhary）和党鞭阿伦·乔达里（Arun Chaudhary）出席的议会党团会议决定修改党章，并于7月24日至25日在加德满都召开中央委员会会议。然而，党主席兰吉塔·什雷斯塔拒绝在决议上签字，进一步加剧了党内裂痕。

原文：

Unity eludes Nepal’s major parties as power struggles take center stage

https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/unity-eludes-nepals-major-parties-as-power-struggles-take-center-stage-19-41.html

Internal tension within the UML had remained dormant after leaders like Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal split from the party. However, a fresh controversy has emerged over the proposal to bring former President Bidya Devi Bhandari back into active politics, with some leaders strongly opposing her return.

By BALKRISHNA ADHIKARI

KATHMANDU, July 25: From the ruling CPN-UML and its coalition partner Nepali Congress (NC) to the Nagarik Unmukti Party (NUP), internal rifts are intensifying across most political parties in the House of Representatives.

Internal tension within the UML had remained dormant after leaders like Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal split from the party. However, a fresh controversy has emerged over the proposal to bring former President Bidya Devi Bhandari back into active politics, with some leaders strongly opposing her return.

Despite having served seven years as the country’s head of state, Bhandari reportedly wishes to re-enter active politics. However, the KP Sharma Oli faction sees her return as a challenge.

Leaders dissatisfied with Oli want to bring Bhandari back to secure their own political future. Insiders say this desire has worsened internal friction within the party.

If a former president becomes a party member, it could undermine the federal democratic republican system.

The UML's central committee meeting on Tuesday not only reminded Bhandari of constitutional norms but also advised her not to return to politics.

The party stated that she should maintain her dignity as a former president. The statement read: "As the country’s head of state, a symbol of national unity, upholder and guardian of the constitution, supreme commander of the army, national pride, symbol of the republic, a shared figure and guardian of the country—becoming a member, cadre or leader of any specific party is neither appropriate nor possible."

Not long ago, Bhandari publicly announced her intention to return to active politics with her former party, the UML. After reports emerged that she had already renewed her membership, political circles—including within the UML—were thrown into turbulence.

However, leaders like Vice-Chair Surendra Pandey disagreed with the decision to bar Bhandari from politics. This division suggests that internal conflict within the UML will likely escalate.

The largest party in the House, Nepali Congress, is also facing persistent internal discord. The party resembles a federation of factions, with around a dozen groups active within it.

The coalition with the UML and dissatisfaction with KP Sharma Oli’s government have further fueled discontent within the NC. Five former office-bearers met with party president Sher Bahadur Deuba on Tuesday to express concern, saying the government has failed to deliver on the goals set by the coalition.

Leader Shekhar Koirala has publicly criticized the government for months. On Wednesday, he took to social media: "The UML wants to fast-track the Land Bill even while one of its ministers implicated in the Pokhara land bribery case (Land Reform Minister) still holds office. These can’t be treated as separate issues. This is not the good governance Nepali Congress promised to the public."

This reflects the depth of unrest within the NC. Koirala has frequently criticized changes made to the Civil Service Bill passed by the parliamentary committee, targeting the party president, MPs, and ministers.

Disciplinary action recently taken over internal betrayal during the 2022 parliamentary elections has further worsened the situation in the NC, which is already preparing for its 15th general convention.  

The main opposition, CPN (Maoist Centre), is also no stranger to internal disputes. Lately, leader Janardan Sharma has openly criticized party chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal. When Sharma began questioning the leadership, Dahal himself accused him of planning a party split.

Sharma has increased his presence across party forums. He says internal democracy is fading and authoritarianism is rising.

At an event marking the 47th Pushpalal Memorial Day, Sharma said almost all parties have centralized leadership and are becoming overly person-centered. "Speaking honestly about top leaders brings trouble. There's no democracy in the party, only centralism. There are orders, flattery, and dictatorship," he said.

Sharma also accused the party leadership of avoiding internal criticism. Meanwhile, the fourth-largest party in Parliament, the Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP), is currently operating without its president, Rabi Lamichhane, who is in police custody.

Lawmaker Dol Prasad Aryal is now leading the party. But some leaders feel uncomfortable accepting Aryal's leadership. A central committee member of the party said, "With the president in custody, there’s no room to maneuver, even if disagreements exist."

Due to internal discontent, Sumana Shrestha resigned from her leadership role a few months ago, a source claimed.

The Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP), often accused of representing conservative forces, is also witnessing escalating disputes.

Differences over the monarchy and views on the republican system have long divided the party. When Chairman Rajendra Lingden began removing leaders for alleged anti-party activities, leaders like Dhamal Shumsher Rana protested.

After replacing Disciplinary Committee Coordinator Nawaraj Subedi with Roshan Karki, tensions rose further. Subedi and spokesperson Sagun Lawati, who had publicly announced their resignation from the party, were formally removed by Lingden on July 9.

Those opposing Lingden say his actions violate party rules and have filed a complaint with the Election Commission, demanding their reinstatement.

Senior leaders like Vice-President Bikram Pandey, Vice-President Mukunda Shyam Giri, and General Secretaries Rana and Kunti Shah released a joint statement on July 17 accusing Lingden of growing authoritarianism.

Even earlier, disputes had surfaced over appointments, such as selecting the Provincial Speaker and making General Secretary Rana head of the party's organization department.

Another point of dispute in the RPP is that its unification with Rabindra Mishra’s broader right-wing faction on September 28, 2022, has not been officially registered with the Election Commission.

Meanwhile, the Nagarik Unmukti Party (NUP), often in the spotlight for internal disputes, is again facing new tensions.

The party’s parliamentary group called for a central committee meeting, but party Chair Ranjita Shrestha declared it unconstitutional.

The parliamentary meeting, attended by party leader Ganga Ram Chaudhary, Chief Whip Lalbir Chaudhary, and Whip Arun Chaudhary, decided to amend the party statute and hold a central committee meeting on July 24–25 in Kathmandu.

However, Chair Shrestha did not sign the decision, triggering further rifts.